MITIGATING POLITICAL THUGGERY AND VIOLENCE IN ADAMAWA STATE THROUGH EFFECTIVE POLITICAL EDUCATION
1 Department of Political Science, Adamawa State University, Mubi, Nigeria,
2 Department of Political Science, Adamawa State University, Mubi
* Corresponding author: luckbensonkarfe@gmail.com
2 Department of Political Science, Adamawa State University, Mubi
* Corresponding author: luckbensonkarfe@gmail.com
Abstract
This paper examines political thuggery and violence as significant challenges to political
development in Adamawa State. Elections in the state are often marred by violence due to the
activities of political thugs, frequently recruited by politicians. Unemployed youths, driven by
economic hardship and lack of opportunities, are particularly vulnerable to political
manipulation. This study employs a survey research design, data was collected from 400
respondents across the three senatorial districts through stratified random sampling.
Primary data was gathered via questionnaires on Kobo Collect, interviews, and group
discussions with elites, while secondary data was analyzed from relevant literature. Elite
Theory, drawing from Mosca, Pareto, and Michels, guided the analysis. Findings reveal that
political thuggery is fueled by poor governance, poverty, unemployment, and inadequate
political education, with ethnic and religious sentiments sometimes exploited to justify
violence. Beyond loss of lives and property, political thuggery contributes to increased crime
and reduced youth engagement in productive activities, perpetuating a cycle of violence and
economic stagnation. To address these issues, the study recommends structured political
education at the grassroots level, employment initiatives for vulnerable youth, and stricter
enforcement of laws against political violence. These interventions can help mitigate political
thuggery and foster a more stable political environment in Adamawa State. Keywords:
Political thuggery, violence, youths, political education, governance, Adamawa State.
Keywords
Political thuggery
violence
youths
political education.
References
- Abimbola, J., & Akinsote, S. (2012). Electoral violence and governance in Nigeria. African Journal of Political Science and International Relations, 6(3), 56–65.
- Adebayo, A. (2013). Political thuggery and electoral violence in Nigeria: The roles of youth and party leaders. Journal of African Studies, 8(2), 45–62.
- Adebayo, A. (2013). Political Thuggery and Electoral Violence in Nigeria: Implications for Democratic Consolidation. African Journal of Political Science, 7(2), 45–67.
- Agba, M. S. (2011). Poverty, unemployment, and electoral violence in Nigeria: The role of political elites. Journal of Social Sciences and Policy Review, 5(1), 23–34.
- Agbaje, A., & Adejumobi, S. (2006). Do votes count? The travails of electoral politics in Nigeria. Africa Development, 31(3), 25–44.
- Ake, C. (1996). Democracy and development in Africa. Brookings Institution Press.
- Banwo, A. (2003). Political violence and democratic stability in Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Political Science, 10(2), 45–67.
- Bender, R. (1967). Political socialization and democracy. Prentice Hall.
- Castells, M. (2010). The rise of the network society. Wiley-Blackwell.
- Dahl, R. A. (1961). Who governs? Democracy and power in an American city. Yale University Press.
- Held, D. (2006). Models of democracy (3rd ed.). Stanford University Press.
- Higley, J., & Burton, M. (2006). Elite foundations of liberal democracy. Rowman & Littlefield.
- Howell, T., & George-Genyi, M. (2013). The impact of political thuggery on democratic governance in Nigeria. Journal of African Studies and Development, 5(7), 112–120.
- Human Rights Watch. (2007). Criminal politics: Violence, "Godfathers" and corruption in Nigeria. Retrieved from www.hrw.org
- Ikelegbe, A. (2013). Political thuggery and violence in Nigeria. African Security Review, 12(2), 87–105.
- Ikelegbe, A. (2018). Political violence and governance in Nigeria: The role of state and non-state actors. African Journal of Political Science, 12(1), 89–110.
- Ikelegbe, A. (2018). Youth, Violence, and Political Thuggery in Nigeria: Examining the Causes and Effects. Journal of African Studies, 12(4), 98–115.
- Johari, J. C. (2005). Contemporary political theory: New dimensions, basic concepts and major trends. Sterling Publishers.
- Joseph, R. (1987). Democracy and prebendal politics in Nigeria: The rise and fall of the Second Republic. Cambridge University Press.
- Marx, K. (1978). The Communist Manifesto. In R. C. Tucker (Ed.), The Marx-Engels Reader (2nd ed., pp. 469–500). Norton. (Original work published 1848)
- Michels, R. (1915). Political parties: A sociological study of the oligarchical tendencies of modern democracy. Free Press.
- Mosca, G. (1939). The ruling class. McGraw-Hill.
- National Bureau of Statistics. (2022). Population estimates of Nigeria by state. Abuja, Nigeria: National Bureau of Statistics.
- Nwankwo, B., & Okeke, C. (2020). Addressing Political Violence through Economic Empowerment: A Case Study of Nigeria. International Journal of Social Policy, 15(1), 56–78.
- Nwankwo, C. (2012). Political education and youth empowerment in Nigeria. Journal of Political Inquiry, 4(2), 89–105.
- Nwankwo, C., & Okeke, J. (2020). Youth unemployment and political violence in Nigeria: Implications for national security. International Journal of Social Sciences, 15(3), 112–130.
- Obasi, I. (2005). Politics and governance in Nigeria: Theory and practice. University of Nigeria Press.
- Obi, C. (2004). The oil paradox: Reflections on the violent dynamics of petro-politics and (in)security in the Niger Delta. Nordic Africa Institute.
- Ogundiya, I. S. (2019). Governance, poverty, and political violence in Nigeria. African Security Review, 18(4), 50–65.
- Ogundiya, I. (2019). Political Thuggery in Nigeria: The Role of Unemployment and Poor Governance. West African Review, 11(3), 112–135.
- Ojo, E. O. (2014). Governance and electoral violence in Nigeria. African Journal of Political Science and International Relations, 8(3), 99–110.
- Okafor, G., & Okeke, C. (2002). Political tolerance and democracy: The role of political education. African Journal of Political Thought, 3(1), 78–95.
- Oluwadare, A. J. (2013). Electoral violence and Nigeria's 2011 general elections. International Af airs and Global Strategy, 11, 16–25.
- Omotola, J. S. (2010). Political parties and electoral violence in Nigeria. African Journal of Conflict Resolution, 10(3), 51–74.
- Onuoha, F. (2017). Electoral Violence and Political Thuggery in Nigeria: An Empirical Study. African Security Review, 21(1), 89–102.
- Onuoha, F. C. (2017). Political thuggery, electoral violence, and governance in Nigeria: A critical analysis. Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 25(2), 78–99.
- Omodia, S. M. (2012). Political parties and democracy in Nigeria: A case study of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). Lap Lambert Academic Publishing.
- Ozmon, H., & Craver, S. (1976). Philosophical foundations of education. Merrill Publishing.
- Pareto, V. (1963). The mind and society. Harcourt, Brace & World.
- Piven, F. F., & Cloward, R. A. (1977). Poor people's movements: Why they succeed, how they fail. Vintage Books.
- Slovin, E. (1960). Sampling techniques for survey research. Unpublished manuscript.
- Truman, D. B. (1951). The governmental process: Political interests and public opinion. Alfred A. Knopf.
- Yamane, T. (1967). Statistics: An introductory analysis (2nd ed.). Harper & Row.
How to Cite
Benson, L., & Malgwi, M. K. (2024). MITIGATING POLITICAL THUGGERY AND VIOLENCE IN ADAMAWA STATE THROUGH EFFECTIVE POLITICAL EDUCATION. Bayero Journal of Public Administration, 4(1), 42-56. https://doi.org/10.67894/bjpa.2024.kw81f0id
L. Benson, and M. K. Malgwi, "MITIGATING POLITICAL THUGGERY AND VIOLENCE IN ADAMAWA STATE THROUGH EFFECTIVE POLITICAL EDUCATION," Bayero Journal of Public Administration, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 42-56, December 2024. doi: 10.67894/bjpa.2024.kw81f0id